Noor Mohammad khodayari; Hasan Abdollahi; Ali Norouzi
Abstract
Semantic contrast is one of artistic and aesthetic tools used for creating the highest beauty in the structure and content. Studying the aesthetics of contrast and contrastive structures in the Quran verses can help to clear the semantic ambiguities and problems and to meet the needs and questions of ...
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Semantic contrast is one of artistic and aesthetic tools used for creating the highest beauty in the structure and content. Studying the aesthetics of contrast and contrastive structures in the Quran verses can help to clear the semantic ambiguities and problems and to meet the needs and questions of human's spirit and intellect by suggesting valuable concepts and emotional artistic information. By identifying the aesthetic techniques in Surah Ali Imran, the present research aimed to examine its impact on creating phonetic balance, structural and content beauty, and semantic connections. In this regard, at first place the literal and technical meaning of the word "contrast" and its importance and status in creating the beauty of speech were studied and then by analyzing some examples of semantic contrast in Surah Al-Imran it shed light on how the rhetorical tool could create phonetic integrity, and unity of structure and cohesion, coherence of verses, and presenting sublime concepts. By contrasting the attributes of God, the surah provides a comprehensive definition of Allah, shows his omnipotence and supremacy over the affairs of the universe from the beginning to the end, and denies all the alleged gods of the disbelievers.
Mohammad Javad Salmani; Hasan Abdollahi; Hossein Nazeri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
In order to prove and confirm the rules of syntax, the grammarians paid great attention to the evidences taken from the Holy Qur'an and Arabic poetry and prose. The classic Arabic poems especially the poems of Jahili period are among the most important references ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
In order to prove and confirm the rules of syntax, the grammarians paid great attention to the evidences taken from the Holy Qur'an and Arabic poetry and prose. The classic Arabic poems especially the poems of Jahili period are among the most important references used by grammarians to justify and edit morphological and syntactic rules. There are some doubts about the authenticity of the poems in Jahili period but they do not endanger the reputation of these poems. Syntactic rule-making has always required one or more examples from poems and proses, so that the syntactic theory could be transformed into a grammatical or generalizable rule. Otherwise, the belief and syntactic theory were rejected and they were no longer used by grammarians. Linguists, especially grammarians, collect poetry and prose from the early syntactic books so as to confirm their statements about Arabic grammar and theorize about syntactical schools. This poetical heritage has been transferred by the narrators from one generation to another and there have been some narrators who used to forge the poems; however, there have always been some creditable narrators who have been familiar with the style of the poems and were able to distinguish authentic poems from inauthentic ones.The aforementioned poems were later regarded as poetic evidences in Arabic terms. The scholars' concern for syntax in different eras of history and their pursuit of poetic evidences led to the poetic reference in the process their studies for collection, categorization, and analyses of the findings. That is why the early grammarians referred not only to poems, but also to the verses of the Qur'an and the eloquent Arabic words for the foundations of syntactic principles
2. Methodology
The present study is descriptive-analytical and the data is obtained through a library study. The methodology begins with mentioning the most important sources of citation; further, some criteria for verifying the authenticity of the poems by grammarians will be proposed, and in the last part, these criteria are applied to Jahilian poems in order to recognize to what extent these poems meet the above-mentioned criteria.
3. Discussion
Referring to classic Arabic poetry and the words used in all primitive Arab tribes was common for about several centuries, to the extent that the grammarians paid such great attention to the primitive Arabs' eloquent language, poems and the study of the Arabic language as though the Bedouins' poetry and remarks were the only valid and reliable resources to verify syntactic rules. Therefore, thanks to these efforts, they were able to correct the urban Arabs' verbal slips of tongue, including the urban jurists, linguists, authors and poets.
The poetic evidence gradually attracted considerable attention and found an outstanding position in the early writings of linguists and syntactic Arabic books.
Soon, these poetic evidences turned into an integral part of syntax. The major achievement of this study is to show that poetic evidences are regarded as the basis of the grammatical rules and they have had a fundamental impact on syntactical rule-making.
In this regard, Jahilian Poetry, according to its historical background, is one of the most important determinants for the grammarians and is of particular importance.
4. Results & Conclusion
The present research has tried to impartially examine the validity of citations taken from Jahilian poems, and to express the position of the grammarians against this concept.
The scientific achievements of this research are as follows: By determining the temporal range of the citations, it is found that, from the grammarians' point of view, the more we approach the contemporary era, the less credibility and attention the poems have gained and the older the poems, the more credible they are. The grammarians have always tried to refer to a poem of known poets so that their theories about syntactic rules would not be questioned for such reasons as anonymity of the poets. The grammarians have always emphasized the importance of the poet's originality whose poems they refer to and have been mostly looking for noble Bedouin poets. Arabic syntactic rules are not only proved by poetic evidences, but also confirmed by verses of Qur'an. If the grammatical principles of Arabic poems and proses are based on Qur'anic structures, they will gain more credibility and value.
Doubts about the authenticity of Jahilian poetry which were pinpointed by Arab critics or orientalists do not diminish the creditability and historical value of these poems. The existence of these narrators and lots of other proofs insure the validity of these poems. However, some rules like Eghva and Tashif in some of these poems disparage the poems of this period. If they did not have such imperfections, they would have become more valid.
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Abstract
“Layla wa Madjnun” is one of the most prominence of lyric stories that is in it’s structure‚ content and motifs similar with “Orwe wa Afrae” story. Both of them are an appearance from Ozri love. Therefore this loving stories are fitting for comparison. Writers in this article intend to compaire‚descrip ...
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“Layla wa Madjnun” is one of the most prominence of lyric stories that is in it’s structure‚ content and motifs similar with “Orwe wa Afrae” story. Both of them are an appearance from Ozri love. Therefore this loving stories are fitting for comparison. Writers in this article intend to compaire‚descrip and analysis in this two stories; and show the most important features of Ozri love. Writers has used from approach of comparative criticism in America school. The article results show that the most important of contents of Ozri love in this stories are: to climb of love‚ effort for union‚ honest‚ visit of beloved‚ demand of help from close relatives and friends‚ endur of difficults‚ rival and helper‚ continuity of beloved rememberance in total of lover moments‚ loyalty to beloved until end of life‚ an image of despair state‚ demand of remedy and death in love‚ eternally of love and union in else world.
Omid Izanloo; Hasan Abdollahi
Abstract
Realism represents the world as it is, not as we want. Realistic novel is a depiction of the society with all its ugliness and beauty. The novelist depicts an event in a specific location, at a specific time by means of characters and conducts it in a particular direction through the choice of a point ...
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Realism represents the world as it is, not as we want. Realistic novel is a depiction of the society with all its ugliness and beauty. The novelist depicts an event in a specific location, at a specific time by means of characters and conducts it in a particular direction through the choice of a point of view. This image of the time, location, characters and point of view shows the history of society along with its economic and political developments. The School in Al-e-Ahmad’s novel and Alley in Najib Mahfouz’s novel are two places in a certain period in a society where the colonial powers and internal despotism determine with their actions the destiny of the people of the land that they rule. The destiny of these people is the topic of these two novels.
Abstract
Are aleph and hamzeh considered two different letters or two figures of the same letter in Arabic? In this respect, there are two different views: Some scholars believe that Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, while some maintain that it consists of 29 letters. The other issue is concerned with the ...
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Are aleph and hamzeh considered two different letters or two figures of the same letter in Arabic? In this respect, there are two different views: Some scholars believe that Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, while some maintain that it consists of 29 letters. The other issue is concerned with the spelling of aleph. It is spelled in three different shapes in Arabic: “ا”, as in ‘دعا’, “ی” as in ‘رمی’, and “و” as in ‘صلوه’. It should be mentioned that aleph in some words is spelt but not pronounced, and, conversely, in some cases is pronounced without being spelt. Such variations in the form and function of aleph have caused problems for those who write in both Arabic and Persian. This paper has intended to achieve the following objectives:
1. Identification of aleph and its place among the Arabic alphabet;
2. Clarification of the right spelling of aleph in Arabic and Persian by relying on valid books on grammar and syntax, sticking to Arabic and Persian spelling regulations, and following the mainstream authors and literary figures.
3. Compilation of spelling regulations concerning aleph in a comprehensive manner and easy to learn; and explaining about the similarities and differences among Arabic and Persian spelling of aleph for those who write in both languages.
